Is body perception associated with specific adaptations to static and dynamic tasks? / ¿Está la percepción del cuerpo asociada con adaptaciones específicas a tareas estáticas y dinâmicas? / A percepção corporal está associada a adaptações específicas a tarefas estáticas e dinâmicas?

Este estudio examinó a las mujeres universitarias en busca de asociaciones entre el perfil somatotipo, la percepción corporalde su propio cuerpo y la percepción del cuerpo de otras mujeres, evaluadas a través de tareas dinámicas y estáticas. Participaron 142 estudiantes universitarios (21.81 ± 3.014 años), evaluados para el índice de masa corporal y el somatotipo por los protocolos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y Heath-Carter, respectivamente. La percepción de la imagen estática se evaluó mediante la Escala Brasileña de Clasificación de Figuras Fotográficas (BPFRS) y la percepción dinámica de la imagen, mediante la tareapsicofísica Estimación de categoría. Este último se llevó a cabo en dos contextos: percepción del cuerpo mismo y percepción de los cuerpos de cuatro modelos desconocidos. La prueba no paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis se realizó para el análisis de varianza. Los valores de percepción de imagen dinámica y estática se emparejaron a cero(precisión perceptiva total) y se analizaron mediante la prueba de Mann-Whitney para determinar la tendencia perceptiva. La correlación de Spearman se realizó para detectar asociaciones entre variables. La asociación entre variables categóricas (tareas estáticas y dinámicas) se realizó mediante la prueba de Chi-cuadrado. Se encontró que el perfil del somatotipo no está asociado con la autopercepción estática y dinámica de la imagen corporal o con la percepción de imágenes corporales desconocidas. Aun así, mirar la imagen estática en sí no está asociado con la observación en movimiento, lo que indica que estos procesos de percepción son diferentes e independientes.Palabras clave: imagen corporal; percepción del tamaño del cuerpo; autopercepción del cuerpo; somatotipo. (AU)

This study examined university women for associations between somatotype profile and body self-perception, and perception of other women’s bodies, in dynamic and static tasks. The sample comprised 142 female undergraduate students (21.81 ± 3.014 years) assessed for body mass index and somatotype by World Health Organization and Heath-Carter protocols, respectively. Perception of static image was evaluated using the Brazilian Photographic Figure Rating Scale (BPFRS), and dynamic image perception, by the Category Estimation psychophysical task. The latter was performed in two regards: body self-image and images of four unknown models’ bodies. We performed the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test for analysis of variance. Dynamic and static image perception valueswere paired to zero (total accuracy) and analyzed by Mann-Whitney test for perceptual tendency. Spearman correlation was performed to detect associations between variables. Association between categorical variables (static and dynamic tasks) was by Chi-Square test. Somatotypical profile was found not to be associated with static and dynamic body image self-perception or with perception of unknown body images. Furthermore, looking at one’s static image is not associated with watching oneself in movement, indicating that these perceptual processes are different and independent of body shape. (AU)

Este estudo examinou mulheres universitárias em busca de associações entre o perfilsomatotípico, a percepção corporal do próprio corpo e percepção do corpo de outras mulheres, avaliadas por meio de tarefas dinâmicas e estáticas. Participaram 142 estudantes de graduação (21,81 ± 3,014 anos) avaliadas quanto ao índice de massa corporal e somatotipo pelos protocolos da Organização Mundial da Saúde e da Heath-Carter, respectivamente. A percepção da imagem estática foi avaliada por meio da Escala Brasileira de Classificação de Figuras Fotográficas (BPFRS) e percepção dinâmica da imagem, pela tarefa psicofísica Estimação de Categoria. Este último foi realizado em dois contextos: percepção do próprio corpo e percepção dos corpos de quatro modelos desconhecidas. Foi realizado o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis para análise de variância. Osvalores de percepção de imagem dinâmica e estática foram pareados a zero (acurácia percetiva total) e analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney quanto à tendência perceptiva. A correlação de Spearman foi realizada para detectar associações entre variáveis. A associação entre variáveis categóricas (tarefas estáticas e dinâmicas) foi realizada pelo teste do Qui-quadrado. Verificou-se que o perfil somatotípico não está associado à autopercepção estática e dinâmica da imagem corporal ou à percepção de imagens corporais desconhecidas. Ainda, olhar a própria imagem estática não está associado a se observar em movimento, indicando que esses processos perceptivos são diferentes e independentes. (AU)

Correction: Psychosocial and environmental determinants of physical activity in a Brazilian public university employees-ELDAF: A prospective cohort study protocol.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263385.].

Cross-Cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of SATAQ-4R for brazilian adolescents / Adaptação transcultural e avaliação psicométrica do SATAQ-4R para adolescentes brasileiros / Adaptación transcultural y evaluación psicométrica del SATAQ-4R para adolescentes brasileños

The aim of this study was to culturally adapt and to evaluate the psychometric properties of Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) among Brazilian adolescents. This scale evaluates the influence from parents, peers, media and significant others on body image. In the first stage, the conceptual, semantic, operational and content equivalences were assessed. In the second stage, 285 girls (M age = 15.54; SD = 1.59 years old) and 323 boys (M age = 15.34; SD = 1.66 years old) took part. The results from Exploratory Factor Analysis showed a factorial structure composed of 7 factors for girls and 6 factors for boys. Associations between SATAQ-4R and body dissatisfaction, body change behavior, eating attitudes and self-esteem suggested good convergent validity. We concluded that the SATAQ-4R is a valid and reliable instrument for Brazilian adolescents, which is considered a good tool for the evaluation of the beauty ideal internalization and socio-cultural influences. (AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar culturalmente e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) entre adolescentes brasileiros. Essa escala avalia influência dos pais, amigos, mídia e pessoas próximas na imagem corporal. Na primeira etapa, foram atestadas as equivalências conceitual, semântica, operacional e de conteúdo. Da segunda etapa, participaram 285 meninas (M idade = 15,54; DP = 1,59 anos) e 323 meninos (M idade = 15,34; DP = 1,66 anos). Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória apontaram estrutura fatorial com sete fatores para meninas adolescentes e seis fatores para meninos adolescentes. Associações entre SATAQ-4R e medidas de insatisfação corporal, comportamento de mudança corporal, atitudes alimentares e autoestima sugerem boa validade convergente da escala. Conclui-se que o SATAQ-4R é um instrumento válido e confiável para adolescentes brasileiros, sendo alternativa para avaliação da internalização dos padrões ideais de beleza e influências socioculturais. (AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar culturalmente y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas del Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire - 4R (SATAQ-4R) entre adolescentes brasileños. Esta escala evalúa la influencia de los padres, amigos, medios de comunicación y personas importantes en la imagen corporal. En la primera etapa, se atestiguaron las equivalencias conceptuales, semánticas, operativas y de contenido. En la segunda etapa, participaron 285 chicas (M edad = 15.54; DS = 1.59 años) y 323 chicos (M edad = 15.34; DS = 1.66 años). Los resultados del Análisis Factorial Exploratorio mostraron una estructura factorial de 7 factores para las chicas y 6 factores para los chicos. Las asociaciones entre el SATAQ-4R e insatisfacción corporal, la conducta del desarrollo corporal, las actitudes alimentarias y la autoestima sugieren una buena validez convergente. Se concluye que el SATAQ-4R es un instrumento válido para adolescentes brasileños y se considera una buena alternativa para la evaluación de la internalización de los ideales de belleza e influencias socioculturales. (AU)

Body Appreciation, Depressive Symptoms, and Self-Esteem in Pregnant and Postpartum Brazilian Women.

Background: During pregnancy and the postpartum period, women experience tremendous biopsychosocial changes in a short period of time. Poor body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and low self-esteem during the perinatal period may cause negative consequences for both the mother and the infant's physiological and psychological health. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem between the three gestational trimesters and the postpartum period. Methods: Participants (N = 1,423 pregnant and postpartum Brazilian women), aged between 18 and 42 years old (M = 29.22; SD = ±5.72), answered questionnaires on body appreciation, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem. BMI was self-reported. Descriptive and nonparametric covariance analysis were performed, comparing women who were in the first, second, and third trimesters and the postpartum period. Results: Body appreciation was significantly higher among women in the third trimester compared to those in the first and second trimester. However, it was lower for women in all three gestational trimesters than for those in the postpartum. There was no difference in self-esteem during pregnancy, but it was significantly lower in the postpartum group. Similarly, depressive symptoms did not vary through pregnant groups but it was significantly higher in the postpartum group. Conclusions: The results showed that the postpartum period can be a difficult experience for women. They presented poor body appreciation and lower self-esteem and higher depressive symptoms compared to the pregnancy period. Therefore, it is necessary for public health policies to support women in this period, preserving their mental health and making this experience more positive.

[Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Denver II: developmental screening test]. / Propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Denver II: teste de triagem do desenvolvimento.

The scope of the Denver II Developmental Screening Test is to assess the development of children between 0 and 6 years of age. The aim of this study was to verify evidence of intra- and inter-examiner reliability, concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity of the Brazilian version of Denver II. It involved a cross-sectional methodological study. A total of 254 children, between 0 and 72 months with risk of developmental delay, participated in the study. Two examiners verified the Denver II intra- and inter-examiner reliability. Concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity were checked against the Brazilian version of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires as a criterion-referenced test. Statistical analysis used the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Spearman's Correlation Test and Contingency Table, the level of significance being α=0.05. The results identified that intra and inter examiner reliability was excellent in all age groups. Concurrent validity showed moderate to very strong rates in the 13-to-60-month age group. The sensitivity and specificity indices ranged from 73-99% and 58-92%, respectively. The Brazilian version of Denver II has good rates of psychometric properties and is a reliable and valid instrument to be applied to Brazilian children at risk of developmental delay.

O Denver II tem como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de crianças entre 0 e 6 anos de idade. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores, validade concorrente, sensibilidade e especificidade da versão brasileira do Denver II. Estudo metodológico transversal. Participaram 254 crianças, entre 0 e 72 meses, com risco para atraso no desenvolvimento. Dois examinadores verificaram a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores do Denver II. Validade concorrente, sensibilidade e especificidade foram verificadas com relação à versão brasileira do Ages & Stages Questionnaires como teste de critério. Análise estatística utilizou o Intraclass Correlation Coeficiente, Teste de Correlação de Spearman e Tabela de Contingência, nível de significância α=0.05. Os resultados identificaram que a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores foi excelente em toda a amostra. A validade concorrente apresentou índices moderados a muito fortes entre 13 e 60 meses. Índices de sensibilidade e especificidade variaram de 73-99% e 58-92%, respectivamente. A versão brasileira do Denver II apresenta bons índices de propriedades psicométricas sendo um instrumento confiável e válido para ser aplicado em crianças brasileiras sob risco de atraso no desenvolvimento.

Propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do Denver II: teste de triagem do desenvolvimento / Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Denver II: developmental screening test

Resumo O Denver II tem como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de crianças entre 0 e 6 anos de idade. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores, validade concorrente, sensibilidade e especificidade da versão brasileira do Denver II. Estudo metodológico transversal. Participaram 254 crianças, entre 0 e 72 meses, com risco para atraso no desenvolvimento. Dois examinadores verificaram a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores do Denver II. Validade concorrente, sensibilidade e especificidade foram verificadas com relação à versão brasileira do Ages & Stages Questionnaires como teste de critério. Análise estatística utilizou o Intraclass Correlation Coeficiente, Teste de Correlação de Spearman e Tabela de Contingência, nível de significância α=0.05. Os resultados identificaram que a confiabilidade intra e interexaminadores foi excelente em toda a amostra. A validade concorrente apresentou índices moderados a muito fortes entre 13 e 60 meses. Índices de sensibilidade e especificidade variaram de 73-99% e 58-92%, respectivamente. A versão brasileira do Denver II apresenta bons índices de propriedades psicométricas sendo um instrumento confiável e válido para ser aplicado em crianças brasileiras sob risco de atraso no desenvolvimento.

Abstract The scope of the Denver II Developmental Screening Test is to assess the development of children between 0 and 6 years of age. The aim of this study was to verify evidence of intra- and inter-examiner reliability, concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity of the Brazilian version of Denver II. It involved a cross-sectional methodological study. A total of 254 children, between 0 and 72 months with risk of developmental delay, participated in the study. Two examiners verified the Denver II intra- and inter-examiner reliability. Concurrent validity, sensitivity and specificity were checked against the Brazilian version of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires as a criterion-referenced test. Statistical analysis used the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, Spearman's Correlation Test and Contingency Table, the level of significance being α=0.05. The results identified that intra and inter examiner reliability was excellent in all age groups. Concurrent validity showed moderate to very strong rates in the 13-to-60-month age group. The sensitivity and specificity indices ranged from 73-99% and 58-92%, respectively. The Brazilian version of Denver II has good rates of psychometric properties and is a reliable and valid instrument to be applied to Brazilian children at risk of developmental delay.

Association between social support and frequency of physical activity in adult workers.

Introduction: The benefits of taking up physical activity are well established and social support has been identified as one of the main determinants of this behavior. Objectives: To investigate the association between social support and weekly frequency of physical activity in adults working at a public university in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods: This is a cross-sectional population study with a convenience sample of 189 contract workers of both sexes, aged from 21 to 72 years (39.00 ± 11.43). The instruments employed were the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Social Support for Physical Activities Scale. Fisher's exact test was used to estimate the distribution of physical activity frequency. Poisson regression was used for association analyses. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: A significant association was detected between social support and weekly physical activity frequency (p < 0.05). Social support for physical activity of moderate or vigorous intensity was associated with both weekly frequency of walking (odds ratio [OR]: 1.32; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.11-1.58) and weekly frequency of vigorous physical activity (OR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.08-1.67). Additionally, people who reported receiving social support for walking were more likely to have increased weekly frequency of walking (OR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.00-1.49). Conclusions: Social support for physical activity from relatives and friends is associated with weekly physical activity frequency. Notwithstanding, this association was stronger for weekly frequency of vigorous intensity physical activity.

Introdução: Os benefícios advindos da adoção da atividade física estão bem consolidados, e o apoio social tem sido apontado como um dos principais determinantes desse comportamento. Objetivos: Investigar a associação entre apoio social e frequência semanal de atividade física em adultos trabalhadores de uma universidade pública do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional, abarcando uma amostra de conveniência de 189 funcionários terceirizados de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 21 e 72 anos (39,00 ± 11,43). A versão curta do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física e a Escala de Apoio Social para Atividades Físicas foram os instrumentos utilizados. Para estimar a distribuição da frequência em atividades físicas, foi aplicado o teste exato de Fisher. A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para análise de associação. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Uma diferença significante foi encontrada entre apoio social e frequência semanal de atividade física (p < 0,05). O apoio social para atividade física de intensidade moderada ou vigorosa esteve associado tanto com frequência semanal de caminhada (razão de chances [OR, de odds ratio]: 1,32; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,11-1,58) quanto com frequência de atividade física vigorosa (OR: 1,34; IC95%: 1,08-1,67). Além disso, indivíduos que reportaram receber apoio social para caminhada tiveram mais chances de aumentar a frequência semanal de caminhada (OR: 1,22; IC95%: 1,00-1,49). Conclusões: O apoio social para atividade física advindo de familiares e amigos está associado à frequência semanal de atividade física. Contudo, a associação se mostrou mais evidente para frequência semanal de atividade física de intensidade vigorosa.

Cross-cultural adaptation of body image assessment instruments for university students: a systematic review.

The theoretical-methodological process of cross-cultural adaptation of scales is fundamental for the expansion of research possibilities related to a given area and population, as instrument adequacy allows for the consistent assessment of the construct being studied. This article aims to highlight the different theoretical-methodological processes of cross-cultural adaptations of scales for assessing body image among young university students. The articles were selected in February 2020, with the following search descriptors: ("body image") and (young or "college students" or graduating or graduat *) and ("cross-cultural validation" or "cross-cultural adaptation"), in three databases-Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, without any time restrictions. Altogether, 304 studies were surveyed on the different bases mentioned above, and 14 studies published between 2010 and 2019 were evaluated. This study highlighted the methodological procedures used in the process of cross-cultural adaptation, as well as the population, the types of validity and reliability, and also the main limitations, strengths, and results reported in each study included in this review. The information presented in this review will allow new researchers to make more appropriate choices about instruments for assessing body image in young university students, in addition to presenting the methodological evolution on this theme.

Psychosocial determinants of physical activity among workers: an integrative review.

Knowledge of the psychosocial determinants of physical activity is critical to informing preventive and therapeutic interventions in the workplace. This study reviewed available evidence on psychosocial factors that have been associated with physical activity among workers. Studies were selected in December 2019 from the Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed databases, with no date limits, using the following search terms: "physical activity", "physical exercise", "psychosocial", "workers", and "working-age". Thirty-nine studies published between 1991 and 2019 were evaluated. The determinants of physical activity investigated among workers were smoking status, stress, psychosocial working conditions, depression, anxiety, social relationships, work ability, job satisfaction, burnout, and self-efficacy. Some consistencies and controversies were observed in the associations among these determinants and physical activity and are discussed, as are suggestions for future studies. The findings of this review may be of interest to physical activity interventions designed to reduce psychosocial risks factors in work environments.

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Self-Acceptance Scales for Pregnant and Postpartum Women.

Self-acceptance, that is, a person's acceptance of their own psychological and physical attributes, is considered critical for mental wellbeing. A lack of self-acceptance may contribute to the development of psychopathology. In the peripartum period, self-acceptance has particular relevance, as major psychological and body changes are normative during this time. This research presents the development and validation of the Self-Acceptance Scale for Pregnant Women (SAS-PW) and the Self-Acceptance Scale for Postpartum Women (SAS-PPW). Participants were aged 18-52. In Study 1, we developed 77 items for the SAS-PW and 74 items the SAS-PPW, based on literature review, previous scales, and qualitative study. In Study 2, nine experts and 60 representatives of the target population evaluated the instruments' content validity, leading some items to be excluded and others to be modified. Studies 3 and 4 analyzed the instruments' psychometric qualities among respondents to the instruments, 1254 pregnant women and 607 postpartum women from across Brazil. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses with independent samples. The final SAS-PW (10 items and two-factors) and SAS-PPW (14 items and three-factors) demonstrated adequate psychometric quality for use with Brazilian pregnant and postpartum women, respectively.

Child Body Concerns and Behavior Scale: Development and Psychometric Properties of a Body Image Scale for Children.

There are few instruments with good validity and reliability for evaluating body image in children. In this study we aimed to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of a scale for Brazilian children. In Study 1, we developed 53 items on the basis of a literature review, previous body image scales and qualitative study. We developed the item format and response options and developed instructions for both researchers and participants. In Study 2, we used 10 experts and 21 boys and girls aged 7-11 years (M = 8.25 years, SD = 1.70) to evaluate item content and semantics. The scale went through further refinement, leading to the exclusion of some items and the modification of others. In Study 3, we analyzed the instrument's psychometric properties in 571 girls (M = 9.17 years of age, SD = 1.23) and 597 boys (M = 9.32 years, SD = 1.24) from all over Brazil, using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses with independent samples. The scale's final version for females was composed of 17 items divided into five factors; and the final male version included 13 items and two factors. Both versions presented satisfactory convergent and discriminant validity, and these scales can now be used reliably with 7-11 year old Brazilian children.

Cross-cultural adaptation of body image assessment instruments for university students: a systematic review

Abstract The theoretical-methodological process of cross-cultural adaptation of scales is fundamental for the expansion of research possibilities related to a given area and population, as instrument adequacy allows for the consistent assessment of the construct being studied. This article aims to highlight the different theoretical-methodological processes of cross-cultural adaptations of scales for assessing body image among young university students. The articles were selected in February 2020, with the following search descriptors: ("body image") and (young or "college students" or graduating or graduat *) and ("cross-cultural validation" or "cross-cultural adaptation"), in three databases—Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, without any time restrictions. Altogether, 304 studies were surveyed on the different bases mentioned above, and 14 studies published between 2010 and 2019 were evaluated. This study highlighted the methodological procedures used in the process of cross-cultural adaptation, as well as the population, the types of validity and reliability, and also the main limitations, strengths, and results reported in each study included in this review. The information presented in this review will allow new researchers to make more appropriate choices about instruments for assessing body image in young university students, in addition to presenting the methodological evolution on this theme.

Translation, Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of SATAQ-4R for Brazilian Children

Abstract Background The Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ) is one of the most investigated instruments for the evaluation of sociocultural pressure and internalization of the beauty standard, and it is considered to be one of the most robust instruments for this purpose. The most recent version of this questionnaire is the SATAQ-4R, originally designed for adults and teenagers, which has been used in different countries, contexts, and populations. The cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the SATAQ-4R for Brazilian children are appropriate and necessary. Objective The general objective of this study was to translate, adapt, and verify the psychometric qualities of the SATAQ-4R for Brazilian girls and boys aged between 7 and 11 years old.Methods: Study 1 describes the cross-cultural adaptation, from the translation stage to the pretest in children of both sexes (n = 36, M = 8.76, SD = 1.59 years). SATAQ-4R has been demonstrated to be easily understood by Brazilian children. Studies 2 and 3 analyze the psychometric qualities of such an instrument in 566 girls (M = 9.18, SD = 1.23 years) and in 592 boys (M = 9.18, SD = 1.23), respectively. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses have been performed with independent samples. Results Both instruments presented factor structures composed of five factors, good reliability, and convergent validity. Conclusion We concluded that SATAQ-4R-Female and SATAQ-4R-Male are useful tools for evaluating the internalization of beauty standards and of sociocultural pressure on Brazilian children.

Implicações da Cegueira Congênita na Imagem Corporal: Uma Revisão Integrativa / Implications of Congenital Blindness in Body Image: An Integrative Review

RESUMO Este estudo objetiva investigar, por meio de uma revisão integrativa, as principais implicações da cegueira congênita na imagem corporal. Um processo de buscas de artigos, sem limite de data de publicação, com os descritores "congenital blindness" e "congenitally blind", nas bases SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Web of Science e PubMed, foi utilizado. Dentre as 3.612 publicações identificadas, 20 foram analisadas. Discutiu-se as implicações da cegueira em cinco áreas distintas: transtorno alimentar, representação do self, insatisfação corporal, experiência corporal e representação neural de autoconceito. Concluiu-se ser fundamental valorizar um complexo conjunto de fatores psicossociais no desenvolvimento da pessoa com cegueira congênita, que poderia impactar de modo positivo ou negativo a formação da imagem corporal.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to investigate, through an integrative review, the main implications of congenital blindness on body image. An article search process, without publication date limit, with the descriptors "congenital blindness" and "congenitally blind", in the Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science and PubMed databases was performed. Among the 3,612 publications found, 20 were analyzed. The implications of blindness were discussed in five distinct areas: eating disorders, self-representation, body dissatisfaction, body experience and neural representation of self-concept. It was concluded that it is essential to value a complex series of psychosocial factors in the development of people with congenital blindness, which could impact positively or negatively the body image formation.

BODY IMAGE IN CHILDHOOD: AN INTEGRATIVE LITERATURE REVIEW. / IMAGEM CORPORAL NA INFÂNCIA: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA DA LITERATURA.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the scientific literature regarding the evaluation of body image in children through an integrative literature review. DATA SOURCE: An intersection of the keywords "body image" AND "child" was conducted in Scopus, Medline and Virtual Health Library (BVS - Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde) databases. The electronic search was based on studies published from January 2013 to January 2016, in order to verify the most current investigations on the subject. Exclusion criteria were: articles in duplicate; no available summaries; not empirical; not assessing any component of body image; the sample did not consider the target age of this research (0 to 12 years old) and/or considered clinical populations; besides articles not fully available. DATA SYNTHESIS: 7,681 references were identified, and, after the exclusion criteria were implemented, 33 studies were analysed. Results showed that the perceptual and attitudinal dimensions focusing on body dissatisfaction were explored, mainly evaluated by silhouette scales. Intervention programs were developed internationally to prevent negative body image in children. CONCLUSIONS: The studies included in this review evaluated specific aspects of body image in children, especially body perception and body dissatisfaction. The creation of specific tools for children to evaluate body image is recommended to promote the psychosocial well being of individuals throughout human development.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a literatura científica referente à avaliação da imagem corporal em crianças por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizado um cruzamento das palavras-chave "body image" AND "child" nas bases de dados Scopus, Medline e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. A pesquisa eletrônica foi feita com base nos estudos publicados de janeiro de 2013 até janeiro de 2016, com o intuito de verificar os mais atuais sobre o tema. Os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos em duplicata; cujos resumos não estivessem disponíveis; não empíricos; que não avaliassem algum componente da imagem corporal; cuja amostra não considerasse a idade alvo da presente pesquisa (crianças de 0 a 12 anos); que considerassem populações clínicas; e estudos não disponíveis na íntegra. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Foram identificadas 7.681 referências e, após critérios de exclusão, 33 estudos foram analisados. Os resultados apontaram que as dimensões perceptiva e atitudinal, com foco na insatisfação corporal, têm sido exploradas, sendo avaliadas principalmente por escalas de silhuetas. Programas de intervenção foram desenvolvidos internacionalmente para prevenir o desenvolvimento de imagem corporal negativa em crianças. CONCLUSÕES: As pesquisas incluídas na presente revisão avaliaram aspectos específicos da imagem corporal de crianças, especialmente a percepção corporal e a insatisfação corporal. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de instrumentos específicos para crianças que busquem avaliar diferentes dimensões da imagem corporal, tendo em vista a promoção do bem-estar psicossocial dos indivíduos ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento humano.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the EMIC Stigma Scale for people with leprosy in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the process of cross-cultural adaptation of the "Explanatory Model Interview Catalog - Stigma Scale" for people affected by leprosy in Brazil. METHODS: After being authorized by the author of the scale to use it in the national context, we initiated the five steps process of cross-cultural adaptation: (1) translation, (2) synthesis meeting, (3) back-translation, (4) committee of experts and (5) pre-test. The internal consistency of the scale was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. RESULTS: The 15 items of the scale's original version were translated into Brazilian Portuguese. The adapted scale showed evidence of a good understanding of its content, attested both by experts and members of the target population. Its internal consistency was 0.64. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted instrument shows satisfactory internal consistency. It may be useful in future studies that intend to provide broad situational analysis that supports solid public health programs with a focus on effective stigma reduction. In a later study, the construct's validity, criterion, and reproducibility will be evaluated. OBJETIVO: Descrever o processo de adaptação transcultural da "Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue - Stigma Scale" para pessoas afetadas por hanseníase no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Após a autorização do autor da escala para seu uso no contexto nacional, deu-se início aos cinco passos do processo de adaptação transcultural: (1) tradução, (2) reunião de síntese, (3) retrotradução, (4) comitê de peritos e (5) pré-teste. A consistência interna da escala foi avaliada utilizando o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. RESULTADOS: Os 15 itens da versão original da escala foram traduzidos para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. A escala adaptada apresentou evidência de boa compreensão de seu conteúdo, atestada tanto por peritos como por membros da população alvo. Sua consistência interna foi de 0,64. CONCLUSÕES: O instrumento adaptado apresenta consistência interna satisfatória. Pode ser útil em estudos futuros que intencionem viabilizar ampla análise situacional que sustente programas sólidos de saúde pública com enfoque na efetiva redução de estigma. Em estudo ulterior será avaliada a validade de constructo, critério e reprodutibilidade.

Imagem corporal na infância: uma revisão integrativa da literatura / Body image in childhood: an integrative literature review

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a literatura científica referente à avaliação da imagem corporal em crianças por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura. Fontes de dados: Foi realizado um cruzamento das palavras-chave "body image" AND "child" nas bases de dados Scopus, Medline e Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde. A pesquisa eletrônica foi feita com base nos estudos publicados de janeiro de 2013 até janeiro de 2016, com o intuito de verificar os mais atuais sobre o tema. Os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos em duplicata; cujos resumos não estivessem disponíveis; não empíricos; que não avaliassem algum componente da imagem corporal; cuja amostra não considerasse a idade alvo da presente pesquisa (crianças de 0 a 12 anos); que considerassem populações clínicas; e estudos não disponíveis na íntegra. Síntese dos dados: Foram identificadas 7.681 referências e, após critérios de exclusão, 33 estudos foram analisados. Os resultados apontaram que as dimensões perceptiva e atitudinal, com foco na insatisfação corporal, têm sido exploradas, sendo avaliadas principalmente por escalas de silhuetas. Programas de intervenção foram desenvolvidos internacionalmente para prevenir o desenvolvimento de imagem corporal negativa em crianças. Conclusões: As pesquisas incluídas na presente revisão avaliaram aspectos específicos da imagem corporal de crianças, especialmente a percepção corporal e a insatisfação corporal. Recomenda-se o desenvolvimento de instrumentos específicos para crianças que busquem avaliar diferentes dimensões da imagem corporal, tendo em vista a promoção do bem-estar psicossocial dos indivíduos ao longo de todo o desenvolvimento humano.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyse the scientific literature regarding the evaluation of body image in children through an integrative literature review. Data source: An intersection of the keywords "body image" AND "child" was conducted in Scopus, Medline and Virtual Health Library (BVS - Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde) databases. The electronic search was based on studies published from January 2013 to January 2016, in order to verify the most current investigations on the subject. Exclusion criteria were: articles in duplicate; no available summaries; not empirical; not assessing any component of body image; the sample did not consider the target age of this research (0 to 12 years old) and/or considered clinical populations; besides articles not fully available. Data synthesis: 7,681 references were identified, and, after the exclusion criteria were implemented, 33 studies were analysed. Results showed that the perceptual and attitudinal dimensions focusing on body dissatisfaction were explored, mainly evaluated by silhouette scales. Intervention programs were developed internationally to prevent negative body image in children. Conclusions: The studies included in this review evaluated specific aspects of body image in children, especially body perception and body dissatisfaction. The creation of specific tools for children to evaluate body image is recommended to promote the psychosocial well being of individuals throughout human development.

Representações Sociais sobre a Deficiência: Perspectivas de Alunos de Educação Física Escolar / Social Representations on Disability: Perspectives from Physical Education Students

RESUMO: as representações sociais da deficiência (RSD) podem ter amplo impacto na efetiva inclusão nas aulas de Educação Física. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as RSD por alunos de Educação Física e avaliar as repercussões destas na efetiva participação do aluno com deficiência nas atividades pedagógicas propostas. O estudo descritivo, qualitativo e exploratório contou com a participação de 29 estudantes da rede Estadual de Ensino dos municípios de Itaguaí e Seropédica - RJ, de ambos os sexos, com idade média de 19,55 anos (DP=5,05), com ou sem a manifestação de uma deficiência e que praticavam aulas de Educação Física. A Entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada para coleta de dados. As entrevistas foram gravadas, transcritas na íntegra e analisadas com a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Três categorias emergiram: (1) RSD: modelos teóricos; (2) RSD: conceitos e valores; (3) representações sociais e participação nas aulas de Educação Física. Cada uma destas foi discutida junto com sugestões para estudos futuros. Conclui-se que a maioria das RSD foi pautada no modelo médico, com características estigmatizantes e excludentes, as quais podem ter amplo impacto na participação dos alunos com deficiência nas aulas de Educação Física, o que torna essencial a elaboração de intervenções que enfoquem esta problemática e contribuam para efetiva inclusão.

ABSTRACT: Social representations of disability (SRD) can have a broad impact on effective inclusion in Physical Education classes. This study aimed to investigate the SRD by Physical Education students and to evaluate their repercussions on the effective participation of students with disabilities in the proposed pedagogical activities. The descriptive, qualitative and exploratory study consisted of the participation of 29 students from the State Education of the municipalities of the Itaguaí and Seropédica - RJ, of both sexes, with a mean age of 19.55 years (SD = 5.05), with or without a disability and who regularly practiced Physical Education. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using the content analysis technique. Three categories emerged: (1) SRD: theoretical models; (2) SRD: concepts and values; (3) social representations and participation in Physical Education. Each of these was discussed along with suggestions for future studies. It is concluded that most of the SRD was based on the medical model, with stigmatizing and exclusionary characteristics, which can have a broad impact on the participation of students with disabilities in Physical Education classes, which makes it essential to develop interventions that focus on this issue and contribute to effective inclusion.

Zika virus and pregnant women: A psychological approach.

Zika virus presents risk of physical harm to pregnant women, but the fear of infection is also affecting women around the world. There is a gap in the research on Zika virus in the areas involving the impact on the psychosocial well-being of pregnant women. Therefore, this study is aimed at the investigation of the psychosocial adjustment of pregnant women to the risks of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. We investigated 14 pregnant women who were classified in three different groups: six in the first trimester, five in the second trimester and three in the third trimester, aged from 28 to 40 years (33.43 ± 3.76 years). Content analysis was used to interpret data. Our results show that the psychosocial adjustment of participants was significantly negative and included five aspects: (1) negative feelings, (2) changes in family planning, (3) adopting new customs (avoiding places of risk, use of specific clothes and use of repellent), (4) changed attitudes regarding body image and (5) feeling of external demand regarding prevention. The fear of Zika virus infection and all its associated risks have a negative biopsychosocial impact on the pregnant women in this study.

Brazilian Photographic Figure Rating Scale: Development and Psychometric Investigation.

This study reports on the development, reliability, and validity of a new instrument for obtaining respondents' body image perception, the Brazilian Photographic Figure Rating Scale (BPFRS). This instrument consists of eight photographic images (seven distorted and one accurate) of respondents themselves in standardized poses, taken just prior to requesting respondents to make self-ratings on the instrument. Participants involved in developing and evaluating this instrument were 142 Brazilian women (age 21.8 ± 3.0 years). Ten experts assessed content validity and showed high agreement (defined by ratings of 4-5 on a 5-point scale) with items measuring underlying constructs and high (>70%) interrater agreement. A Pearson correlation demonstrated convergence between the BPFRS and other related scales; a positive correlation was also evident between actual and respondent-perceived body mass index. Both test-retest and Kappa confirmed temporal stability. These findings indicate that the BPFRS can accurately and reliably assess body image dissatisfaction and body perception in young women by deploying realistic, personalized images as stimuli for self-ratings. Implications for further research and treatment of body image problems are discussed.